Nonhuman Primate Conservation Is It Possible

Introduction The theme of conservation of nonhuman primates is considered to be one of the most burning and frequent questions in the anthropological field. Some primatologists have already discussed this issue for many times and still cannot come to the same decision. The investigations prove that almost the third of all nonhuman primate species are under a terrible threat of being overexploited and destructed by other habitants.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nonhuman Primate Conservation: Is It Possible? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Ninety per cent of the world’s primates are found in tropical forests and it is precisely these forests that are being converted to human use faster and more dramatically than any other habitats on earth (Fuentes, 2002, p. 183). This is why the idea to develop as many nonhuman primate conservation programs as possible is regarded as the task number one for many s ociologists and anthropologists all over the world. The variety of nonhuman primates is impressive indeed, and in order to investigate the level of debates concerning conservation programs and their results, one of the most popular primates, a lemur, is chosen. As a rule, these primates occupy tropical and subtropical forests of Madagascar; to be more exact, these primates prefer western parts of the island. Many lemur conservation programs aim at ensuring the necessary conservation of these primates and promoting their habitation over the region. Nonhuman primate conservation programs are characterized by numerous positive and negative sides: lemurs get benefits from these programs in the form of protection from other habitants of the same territory and legal empowerment of local population to defend and maintain the environment; however, at the same time, these programs put other primates under a threat of being neglected to achieve the main purposes of the program and lead to the development of the conflict between nonhuman primates and local human communities based on destroying crops and worsening the general state of affairs in the agricultural sphere. Discussion Essence of nonhuman primate conservation programs. Nowadays, people try to participate in many activities in order to protect animals and all nonhuman primates in particular. The idea of â€Å"swift action that must be taken to prevent the extinction of†¦endangered species† (Wright et al., 2008, p. 13). Even after the significance of lemurs’ biology is taken into account, much information and investigations about lemur life and challenges remain to be unknown for people. This is why it is crucially important to gain better and deeper understanding of lemurs and their habitat by means of the evaluation of the already known facts. According to Mittermeier and Butynski (2006) in Primate Conservation different types of lemurs are considered to be mentioned in the list of the †Å"World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates†. These species are characterized by constant mobility, and it becomes important to investigate their styles of life to protect them against each other, against local population, and against other animals that occupy Madagascar. This brief evaluation of lemurs as the primates under conservation programs, it is possible to define what is involved into nonhuman primate conservation programs and what effects are to be expected.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More So, in general, the vast majority of nonhuman primates programs are all about to track what activities are done against lemurs, what may be done to protect their well-being, and what kind of support is possible to provide. These programs help to analyze and prevent the negative outcomes of human activities on lemur’s life and to define what environment and why is more appr opriate for lemurs. Benefits of these programs. The peculiar feature of the programs which aim to protect lemurs’ rights on survival is the possibility to lead to both negative and positive results. Right now, let us talk about benefits which are available for primate groups called lemurs in the wild of Madagascar. As it has been mentioned, lemurs are called endangered species which have to be protected thoroughly. During the last century, lemurs have become extinct because of habitat destructions and constant hunting. This is why now, the purposes of conservation programs do everything possible to stop the process of hunting on lemurs and promote proper development of environment. Kelley, Sussman, and Muldoon (2007) admit that the process of lemurs’ conservation in Madagascar is of the highest priority, and in spite of the fact that this country has poor economical standards lemurs of different kinds are still under protection of the government. One of the most import ant benefits is lemurs’ recognition: about 99 living lemur primates have been recognized and now get a chance to be protected on legal grounds (Mittermeier et al., 2008). Another benefit available for lemurs under the conditions of conservation programs is the possibility to be discovered during the 10 years because Madagascar citizens do not want to stop their searches and studies and do want to evaluate living conditions and make them appropriate for lemurs. Negative effects of programs. Primates are usually found in topics of Madagascar so that they are the citizens of the third-world countries which have poor living conditions and low economics factors. This is why when the programs of conservation are developed, it is necessary to take into consideration the financial side and the possibility to achieve good results under the existed conditions. It is necessary to admit that the above-mentioned recognition of lemurs may also lead to some negative outcomes. More people ar e aware now of lemurs’ existence. They are also aware of the possibility to earn money on these species. This is why lemurs’ recognition needs to be under more serious governmental control. Another negative aspect of the programs for lemurs is still connected to the financial situation of the country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nonhuman Primate Conservation: Is It Possible? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The point is that people who are involved into conservation programs are already directed to take certain steps and promote lemurs’ protection. However, because of some financial difficulties only the minor half of the ideas is applied. Lemurs do not have a chance to get used to and enjoy these new improvements, and, at the same time, they cannot live under the same conditions because some changes are already done. Programs and local human populations. One more important issue concern ing the development of nonhuman conservation programs and lemur living conditions is connected to local human population and the problems inherent to Madagascar. Since humans settled on the land of Madagascar, lemurs have faced with the problem that is based on the relations between human and animals and people’s possibility to destroy trees and cultivate lands in order to achieve the necessary success in life. Though many people accept the idea of development protecting programs, lemurs’ conditions worsen within a short period. When people occupied the territory of Madagascar, they had to realize that lemurs and other nonhuman primates could not accept the idea of dividing their land with humans. This is why lemurs as well as other primates continue stealing food in order to feed themselves. Though people try to set some boundaries, it is hard to control lemurs all the time as well as protect them from outside dangers. Effects of programs on local human populations. T he effects of programs and lemurs are worthy of attention as well. Forests of Madagascar have been considerably destroyed in the middle of the 1990s (Thalmann Geissmann, 2006). People were eager to use more land to build new houses and promote their activities. They did not pay much attention to the idea that this land belonged to other primates, to lemurs. Lemurs could not understand on the necessary what happed to their land. In this situation, people become responsible for the outcomes of their activities and their influence on lemurs’ lives. This is why they find out the idea to develop programs to conserve lemurs and protect them against any outside threat rather appropriate. However, it turns out to be hard to forecast the outcomes of the programs and evaluate the effectiveness of its work. Local population faces considerable problems after the adaptation of these programs. Such activity like hunting is forbidden. People cannot follow their demands and make traps to fi nd more lemurs and earn for living. Conservation programs are created by people, and at the same time, these programs cut down human rights to achieve prosperity and recognition. Variety of economic, ethical, and ecological aspects. The presence of ethical, economic, and ecological factors in the development of conservation programs is evident. Each of these aspects has to be analyzed in its own way. For example, when we talk about ethical issues of the program that aims at conservation of lemurs in the wild, such points like human responsibility, respect to traditions and rules set, and personal attitude to primates and their impossibility to protect themselves against each outside threat are important.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To become ethically correct to the offered programs, it is better to realize that lemurs as well as human and nonhuman primates are living beings, who get the right to live, develop, breed, and improve their living conditions. People cannot penetrate into lemurs’ lives and cause some changes. It is not ethically correct. As for economical issues of the problem, it has been already discussed earlier. Lemurs occupy Madagascar that is in Africa. The economical level of third-world countries is not too high, and conservation programs face numerous challenges and problems. Ecological perspective is also worth attention because human actions like destruction of forests and cultivation of land influence lemurs’ lives and development. These programs need to focus on boundaries which may divide places for nonhuman primates like lemurs to life in accordance with their demands and for humans who are eager to set new rules and gain recognition and success. Conclusion In general, m ost nonhuman primates like lemurs are endangered or threatened species. This is why people focus their attention to develop some conservational programs in order to ensure these species survival under the current wild conditions. Such issues like economy of the country, local human population and their demands, ethical principles, and nonhuman primates’ attempts to survive in close proximity to humans have to be discussed all the time, considering new conditions and demands. The process of primate conservation plays a very important role. Humans need to comprehend their responsibility before lemurs and other nonhuman primates because of their sudden occupation of the territory and settlement of new requirements and rules. These programs have both positive and negative sides, and all of them have been mentioned in the paper. Reference List Fuentes, A. (2002) Monkeys, humans and politics in the Mentawai Islands: No simple solutions in a complex world. In: Fuentes, A., Wolfe, L. D., eds. Primates Face to Face: Conservations of Human-Nonhuman Primate Interconnections. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp 187-207. Kelley, E.A., Sussman, R.W. Muldoon, K.M. (2007). The Status of Lemur Species at Antserananomby: An Update. Primate Conservation, 20: 71-77. Mittermeier, R. et al. (December 2008). Lemur Diversity in Madagascar. International Journal of Primatology, 29 (6): 1607–1656. Mittermeier, R.A. Butynski, T.M. (2006). Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2004-2006. Primate Conservation, 20: 1-28. Thalmann, U Geissmann, T. (2006). Conservation Assessment of the Recently Described John Cleese’s Woolly Lemur, Avahi Cleesei (Lemuriformes, Indridae). Primate Wright, P et al. (2008). The Crisis of the Critically Endangered Greater Bamboo Lemur. Primate Conservation, 23: 5-17. This essay on Nonhuman Primate Conservation: Is It Possible? was written and submitted by user Austin Vincent to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Prostitution in Nevada Essays

Prostitution in Nevada Essays Prostitution in Nevada Essay Prostitution in Nevada Essay To persuade my audience why prostitution should be legal. Central Thesis Statement: Prostitution should be legalized the Pros outweigh the Cons. The harm it Is creating now can be stopped and changed. Method of Organization: Topical Introduction Prostitution should be legal. It can help reduce crime, improve public health, and increase tax revenue. Many people make a living by selling themselves. Some of us may think it is wrong, but to each their own. We all do what we want with our bodies and do not Like It when someone tells us to change what we do with It. Hence, we should stop dictating whether someone can sell leis or her body or not. Prostitution is the oldest profession and will certainly not go away anytime soon. It is not an exchange of sexual favor, but a financial exchange. It takes two consenting adults for the exchange to occur. It is time we stop making decisions for adults. I will be addressing how legalizing prostitution will reduce crime, improve public health, and Increase tax revenue. L. Reduce Crime A. Prostitutes do not seek for help when they are raped or are involved in any kind of violence because what they do is illegal. 1 . Legalizing prostitution will help prostitutes seek for help when harassed rather than feel fear. 3. Melissa Dimmer Coordinator of the Global Network of Sex Work Projects found that under New York Criminal Procedure Law, sex workers who have been victims of sex offenses, including assault and rape, face greater obstacles than other victims. 2. Associate Professor of Finance at Northeastern State University Kirby Cunning statedlet is estimated that if prostitution were legalized in the United States, the rape rate would decrease by roughly 25% for a decrease of approximately 25,000 rapes per year. Linda M, Roll Reaching Director of the American Bar Associations (ABA) Child Custody Pro Bono Project, stated in an Par. 1991,A study conducted in Queensland Show[De] a 149% increase In the rate of rape when legal brothels were closed In 1 959, while other offenses against the person by males increased only 49%. B. Ronald Wittier Professor of Sociology at George Washington university found t hat women working in the Netherlands In a controlled and legal environment do not go through danger as much as being in an uncontrolled illegal system. 1. Workers and managers have instituted elaborate procedures to respond to violent customers quickly and effectively. Giving the prostitutes some sort of safeness. 2. Also the risks in Nevada are very low. We rarely hear about workers being raped because of security. If a case does escalate it is quickly addressed. C. Barbara G. Berets Senior Associate Dean for Graduate Studies and Academic Affairs, at the university of Nevada, Lass Vegas states there is a strong indication documented analysis and ethnographic data presented that legal brothels generally offers safer working environment than their Illegal counterparts. When customers enter a legitimate business, violence Is almost eradicated, because it is a controlled environment. And minimizing actual violence. 3. Nevada brothels offer specific mechanisms to protect workers via the ways transactions are organized, the ways technology is ordered, the visibility of customers, the bureaucratic relationships among customers, managers, and workers, and the cooperation with police based on the mere fact of their legality. All of these mechanisms work to eliminate systematic violence and to discourage an atmosphere of danger and risk Transition: We have talked about reducing crime , now lets consider improving public health. II. Improve Public Health A. Prostitutes work outside the law. This has implications for their health that are hard to quantify. Health problems associated with prostitution, such as sexually transmitted diseases (Studs) and violence, are commonly assumed to be risks of the trade. 1. Beth Gaze Associate Professor of Law at the University of Monish carried out an Australian Australian in 1998, the prevalence of sexually transmitted bacterial infections was 80 times greater in 63 illegal street prostitutes than in 753 of their gal brothel counterparts. . In off-street establishments, fear of arrest on felony charges can cause management to discourage the use of condoms, which could be used as evidence that the establishment is in the business of prostitution. 3. Legally sanctioned encouragement of prostitutes to use condoms or access screening services, both major determinants of the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases, is impossible because of their illegal status. Occupational health and safety law is applied to prostitutes in lawful brothels but not to their counterparts on the street. B. The evidence of the legalized brothel system in Nevada highlights that sex work environments that are legitimated have the effect of empowering sex workers to control their working conditions and interactions with clients. 1. Sex workers will follow mandatory procedures prior to having sex. This includes routine checkups and protection. Transition: We have talked about improving public health, now lets consider increasing tax revenue. Ill. Increase Tax Revenue A. Government would collect taxes on the industry. 1. Since the government would collect taxes, they also have the power to control it. 2. Legal businesses pay taxes, while illegal prostitution businesses pay no taxes. 3. Let the government share in the revenue, and stay out of the affairs of consenting adults. Conclusion l. Legalizing prostitution will not only be helping a victimless crime will not be a crime anymore, but also improving the lifes of many individuals who risk their lifes trying to make a living. Prostitution is more difficult. I know that there are women who are drawn to the sex industry and entered it voluntarily and get quite upset if others say it is a demeaning occupation. I also know that many women are not there by hooch. It offends my sensibilities to know that a 16-year-old girl could physically or psychologically be forced into the sex industry II. Women will not have a great risk of abuse. Individuals health will not be in danger and tax revenue will increase. Ill. Legalizing prostitution will not harm anyone. However, it will improve some areas. Some people are Just afraid of change and do not like progression. It is time w e move on legalize this victimless crime. If you look at the majority of serial killers, they are doing it outdoors and with the use of their cars.

10 Things You Dont Know About Albert Einstein

10 Things You Dont Know About Albert Einstein Most people know that Albert Einstein was a famous scientist who came up with the formula Emc2. But do you know these ten things about this genius? He Loved to Sail When Einstein attended college at the Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, Switzerland, he fell in love with sailing. He would often take a boat out onto a lake, pull out a notebook, relax, and think. Even though Einstein never learned to swim, he kept sailing as a hobby throughout his life. Einsteins Brain When Einstein died in 1955, his body was cremated and his ashes scattered, as was his wish. However, before his body was cremated, pathologist Thomas Harvey at Princeton Hospital conducted an autopsy in which he removed Einsteins brain. Rather than putting the brain back in the body, Harvey decided to keep it, ostensibly for study. Harvey did not have permission to keep Einsteins brain, but days later, he convinced Einsteins son that it would help science. Shortly thereafter, Harvey was fired from his position at Princeton because he refused to give up Einsteins brain. For the next four decades, Harvey kept Einsteins chopped-up brain (Harvey had it cut into 240 pieces) in two mason jars with him as he moved around the country. Every once in a while, Harvey would slice off a piece and send it to a researcher. Finally, in 1998, Harvey returned Einsteins brain to the pathologist at Princeton Hospital. Einstein and the Violin Einsteins mother, Pauline, was an accomplished pianist and wanted her son to love music too, so she started him on violin lessons when he was six years old. Unfortunately, at first, Einstein hated playing the violin. He would much rather build houses of cards, which he was really good at (he once built one 14 stories high!), or do just about anything else. When Einstein was 13-years old, he suddenly changed his mind about the violin when he heard the music of Mozart. With a new passion for playing, Einstein continued to play the violin until the last few years of his life. For nearly seven decades, Einstein would not only use the violin to relax when he became stuck in his thinking process, but he would also play socially at local recitals or join in impromptu groups such as Christmas carolers who stopped at his home. Presidency of Israel A few days after Zionist leader and first President of Israel Chaim Weizmann died on November 9, 1952, Einstein was asked if he would accept the position of being the second president of Israel. Einstein, age 73, declined the offer. In his official letter of refusal, Einstein stated that he not only lacked the natural aptitude and the experience to deal properly with people, but also, he was getting old. No Socks Part of Einsteins charm was his disheveled look. In addition to his uncombed hair, one of Einsteins peculiar habits was to never wear socks. Whether it was while out sailing or to a formal dinner at the White House, Einstein went without socks everywhere. To Einstein, socks were a pain because they often would get holes in them. Plus, why wear both socks and shoes when one of them would do just fine? A Simple Compass When Albert Einstein was five years old and sick in bed, his father showed him a simple pocket compass. Einstein was mesmerized. What force exerted itself on the little needle to make it point in a single direction? This question haunted Einstein for many years and has been noted as the beginning of his fascination with science. Designed a Refrigerator Twenty-one years after writing his Special Theory of Relativity, Albert Einstein invented a refrigerator that operated on alcohol gas. The refrigerator was patented in 1926 but never went into production because new technology made it unnecessary. Einstein invented the refrigerator because he read about a family that was poisoned by a sulfur dioxide-emitting refrigerator. Obsessed Smoker Einstein loved to smoke. As he walked between his house and his office at Princeton, one could often see him followed by a trail of smoke. Nearly as part of his image as his wild hair and baggy clothes was Einstein clutching his trusty briar pipe. In 1950, Einstein is noted as saying, I believe that pipe smoking contributes to a somewhat calm and objective judgment in all human affairs. Although he favored pipes, Einstein was not one to turn down a cigar or even a cigarette. Married His Cousin After Einstein divorced his first wife, Mileva Maric, in 1919, he married his cousin, Elsa Loewenthal (nee Einstein). How closely were they related? Quite close. Elsa was actually related to Albert on both sides of his family. Alberts mother and Elsas mother were sisters, plus Alberts father and Elsas father were cousins. When they were both little, Elsa and Albert had played together; however, their romance only began once Elsa had married and divorced Max Loewenthal. An Illegitimate Daughter In 1901, before Albert Einstein and Mileva Maric were married, the college sweethearts took a romantic getaway to Lake Como in Italy. After the vacation, Mileva found herself pregnant. In that day and age, illegitimate children were not uncommon and yet they were also not accepted by society. Since Einstein did not have the money to marry Maric nor the ability to support a child, the two were not able to get married until Einstein got the patent job over a year later. So as not to besmirch Einsteins reputation, Maric went back to her family and had the baby girl, whom she named Lieserl. Although we know that Einstein knew about his daughter, we dont actually know what happened to her. There are but just a few references to her in Einsteins letters, with the last one in September 1903. It is believed that Lieserl either died after suffering from scarlet fever at an early age or she survived scarlet fever and was given up for adoption. Both Albert and Mileva kept the existence of Lieserl so secret that Einstein scholars only discovered her existence in recent years.

Quality Management System - Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quality Management System - Question - Essay Example tivity: A Brief Survey†). b) From the above calculations, it can be inferred that the Labor Productivity of Firm A is much less compared to its competitor Firm B and hence Firm A needs to improve its productivity per unit labor employed. Thus, Firm A should focus more into Human Resource Optimization in order to improve their labor productivity. The Plant & Equipment productivity of both the firms is same implying that both have utilized their assets by the same extent. The material productivity is also almost same. In terms of royalty, Firm A seems to be in a better position compared to its competitor Firm B as it has better sales value. The energy productivity of Firm A is much higher than Firm B implying that it has utilized its energy component optimally. The total productivity of both the firms is also almost the same, while Firm A utilizes it energy component better, Firm B optimizes its labor utilization. Thus, it can be inferred from the total productivity that the pros pect of Firm A seems to be slightly superior then Firm B. Problem 2 Histogram for Hours of Overtime It can be inferred from the above histogram that 12 employees which is 40% of the entire number of employees fall in the range of (93 – 185) overtime hours. The range (0-92) overtime hours and (186-278) overtime hours have 7 employees each which is equivalent to 23.3% of the total no. of employees. There are two employees each who fall in the overtime hours range of (279-371) and (372-464). The mean value of the overtime hours is 167.26 hours and it can be noted from the histogram that more than 50% of the total employees have overtime hours less than the mean. To conclude, it can be seen that the hours of overtime appear to be normally distributed amongst the 30 employees. Histogram for Days Absent The above histogram shows that almost half of the total employees (i.e. 14 which is 46.6% of the total) has number of days absent ranging from (0 – 1.2) days. Subsequently th e next highest figure of workers’ absence days falls in the range from (2.6 – 3.8) days. There are 6 employees whose days of absence fall in the range of (1.3 - 2.5) days while there are only 3 employees (10% out of total employees) whose absence days fall in the range between (5.2 - 6.4) days. From the distribution of histogram it can be revealed, more than half of total workers (63% of the total employees) have absence days which are less than the mean value of 1.93 days. To conclude, the distribution of histogram appears to be shifted to the left which means most workers have absence days less than the mean value. Problem 3 The data overtime hours and

Discuss Critically the Implications of Whistleblowing for Essay

Discuss Critically the Implications of Whistleblowing for Accountability, and Raising and Escalating Concerns - Essay Example 110). The secret filming agency also revealed that disabled patients were exposed to a lot of mental and physical torture. This is attributed to the fact that they are in most cases ignored or mistreated when they attend healthcare centers (Jeffrey, 2009, p. 24). Whistle blowing is not easy task as many would think because it puts ones career and reputation on the line. Whistle blowers who advocate for better medical care for patients who have demanding needs are in most cases scared of the attitudes their colleagues. In most cases, their colleagues are not in support of their actions (Killion & Dempski, 2006, p. 122). Alerting the society about the needs of patients is crucial and very important. However, this has to be done with extreme care so as to avoid raising false alarms. There should be careful analysis of situations in order to get comprehensive information about the situation. This helps in making sure that the raised concerns are adequately and appropriately addressed. He alth care workers and practitioners are not regulated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (Lewis, 2001, p. 299). The organization however does its best to ensure that it passes the right information relating to how patients can be handled in a careful and respectful manner. Nurses are well trained on matters relating to duty and are encouraged to put first the interests and concerns of patients. They are also supposed to ensure that patients are adequately protected from all manner of risks (Lippincott & Wilkins, 2002, p. 110). The Nursing and Midwifery Council has produced various publications that offer guidance to health practitioners regarding their roles and duties. For instance, in their publication, ‘Raising and escalating concerns’ they gave a number of tips on how healthcare practitioners can improve their service delivery. They noted that healthcare practitioners have the duty of acting responsibly should they feel that a colleague may be putting a pati ent's life at risk in the course of delivering medication (Vandekerckhove, 2006, p. 255). Practitioners have also been empowered to seek assistance from respective authorities should there be a problem that could hinder effective service delivery. The hospitals environments are supposed to avail maximum comfort to the sick ill and also be able to assure them of an improvement in their health (White, 2005, p. 100). Governments in developed countries have laws that protect whistle blowers. A perfect example is the enactment of the interest disclosure act of nineteen ninety-eight (Lewis, 2001, p. 300). The law was put in place to protect workers from victimization once they air out issues concerning professional malpractices. The act covers workers who expose genuine concerns regarding their employers or colleagues (Vandekerckhove, 2006, p. 221). Appropriate procedures must be observed when raising concerns about specific issues. Firstly, the issues being raised should be valid and law ful. They should be raised for public interest rather than personal interests (Lippincott & Wilkins, 2002, p. 129). Once issues are raised, relevant authorities make a follow up to ensure that there is fairness and transparency in addressing the raised concerns (Boatright, 2009, p. 99). Service delivery in a public institution should always reflect

Role Of The English Language In Malaysia English Language Essay

Role Of The English Language In Malaysia English Language Essay Abstract This research examines the role of the English language in Malaysia, a former British colony in South East Asia from the 18th to the 20th century. My research question asks: to what extent can English be a unifying language in Malaysia? In order to approach the issue, the question has been narrowed down into two parts: English can be a unifying language of Malaysia; and English cannot be a unifying language of Malaysia. The influence of English in the lives of Malaysians such as daily life, workplace and education has been examined. There is a dichotomy in views whether English can become a unifying language in Malaysia. One side believes that English has already become an important part of Malaysian identity, particularly due to its colonial past and its current status of one of the languages of instruction in primary, secondary and tertiary education and also the status of business language. There is another view, mainly held by the Malay nationalists, opposed to such opinions due to the fact that there is a huge gap in the English language proficiency between people from the urban and rural areas. Three interviews have been conducted as part of the methods of investigation, but the most influential interviewee was Ram Mohann, an English teacher in a Malaysian secondary school. Books, news articles and academic journals have been used as well. The main sources for this research are written by Malaysian professors of linguistics, Azirah Hashim and Loga Baskaran. It is concluded that English can be a unifying language in Malaysia. The conclusion drawn is based on the fact that English plays an important role in the lives of Malaysians, private sectors and education in Malaysia. Most importantly, English is also regarded as a language that integrates all Malaysians by the non-Malays. Word count: 298 Introduction Malaya (now Malaysia) was a nation that had been occupied by European superpowers such as the Portuguese, Dutch and the British since the 16th century. However, the ones that really made a linguistic influence on the land were the British. Even though they left and granted independence to Malaya in 1957, one legacy that they have left the country is their language, English. English had been the official language of the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States and the Unfederated Malay States since the 1800s during the occupation of Great Britain and also served as the official language of Malaysia for a decade after the nations independence in 1957. However, in order to promote national unity and increase the participation of Bumiputra (Malay-ethnic and indigenous people) in tertiary education, the Malaysian government removed English from its official role and promoted the use of Bahasa Malaysia (Malaysian or Malay language) in 1967.  [1]   Nevertheless, English remains a dominant second language in Malaysia. It is still widely used in private companies. For the last two decades, the status of English has been a much debated-upon and jostled-about issue.  [2]  In this essay, I will investigate the role of English in Malaysia today. My research question is as follows; to what extent can English be a unifying language in Malaysia? Unifying language must be defined in order to answer the question. In this case, unifying language refers to the language that joins the people of Malaysia as a whole. I will discuss how English is used in many aspects of Malaysian lives in order to answer my research question. Moreover, the language of instruction in Malaysia will also serve as a springboard to investigate the role of English in Malaysia. Even though English is no longer an official language in Malaysia and therefore some might argue that Malaysia is not an Anglophone nation, the widespread usage of English in Malaysia is a fact that is beyond any question. English is a business language and a common language used among ordinary Malaysians, particularly in urban areas. Moreover, it is widely known that many of the older generation [in Malaysia] speak [English] very well.  [3]  Some elites even argue that English and Malay play an equally important role to help unite the people and create a unique national consciousness.  [4]  English is used for a variety of functions in professional and social transactions not only with the international community but also within the society.  [5]  In addition, even though all English-medium schools had been changed to Malay-medium schools in the 1980s, the implementation of PPSMI (teaching and learning Science and Math in English) policy in all Malaysian public schools s ince Primary One indicates that the government is not only concerning about the globalisation of the nation, but also with the importance of the language in Malaysia herself.  [6]  Hence, the use of English as a local language in Malaysia rather than an international language is enough to make Malaysia an unofficial Anglophone country. English can be a unifying language in Malaysia English language is the global lingua franca, a language for diplomacy and international trade. Workforces with good command of English will put the country a huge advantage in the world. According to Braj Kachrus three-circle model of World Englishes that categorises World Englishes into three concentric circles, which include Inner Circle representing the traditional base of English; Outer Circle that representing countries where English is not an official language but plays an important role; and Expanding Circle, including countries that employ it as a foreign language and for only limited purposes, Malaysia is listed under the Outer Circle.  [7]  This model indicates that there are a sizeable amount of people who use English as a first language. According to Azirah Hashim, a Professor of Linguistics in University of Malaya, English is used for a variety of functions in professional and social transactions not only with the international community but also within the society.  [8]  The quote tells us that Malaysians do not only use it as an international language, but some perceive English as a local language as well. Hashims view is not her own wishful thinking. It is evident everywhere in Malaysia, in both the Malaysian education and lives of Malaysia citizens. Broken English is very commonly used by taxi drivers, pedestrian pedlars, food hawkers, gardeners, garbologists, florists and food caterers.  [9]  For instance, phrases such as Buy 1 Free 1 or RM 5 for 2 are always visible in Malaysias local supermarkets, departmental stores and pasar malam, a Malay word for night market. It indicates that even for those who are not highly educated, they all have the enthusiasm to speak English because the degree of international integration is simply moving in leaps and bounds and man-on-the-street has to survive.  [10]  Most importantly, it shows that English is gaining more currency within Malaysian society, especially in urban areas.  [11]   After the PPSMI policy was implemented in 2003, the decision was described by some journalists as revive the glory of the language and reclaim English in education, which seems to allude to recognition of English as not just a global or international language, not just a European language, but also as a Malaysian language.  [12]  Moreover, even though there arent any official statistics available, it is known that there are sizeable numbers of English private kindergartens in Malaysia, particularly in urban areas. For non-English medium privately-owned kindergartens, English is always taught as one of the subjects apart from their mother tongue. According to a Malaysian Indian who is only willing to be identified as Subramaniam, My children are all studying in English-medium kindergarten because I know only a good command of English will lead them to success and I want them to build their foundation since they are young.  [13]  This comment reflects the fact that the Malaysia n parents are aware of the importance of English in todays world as well as Malaysian society itself and they know that a good command of English will put their children in a better position in todays world. In addition, English is generally taught 280 minutes per week in public schools  [14]  , which is even more than the teaching time for the senior class in Xiamen International School, an English-medium and IB World school. It must be noted that in Malaysian education, all high school students in public schools are required to learn English literature and English comprehension, rather than beginner English class. If the teaching time of English in a bilingual education is even more than an English-medium school, it indicates that English plays an equally important role for both Ministry of Education of Malaysia as well as an IB World school. However, it must also be noted that the level of English comprehension and/or literature might be lower than that of IB Diploma course, and hence the statistics do not indicate everything. According to a well-known Malaysian Indian journalist and politician, the late MGG Pillai, those who know English are better positioned for jobs than those without.  [15]  That was his comment regards the importance of English in his article written in 1994. His assessment was right spot on in todays world. In major companies in Malaysia, the only language used in a company meeting is English.  [16]  Meanwhile, some meetings in governmental departments are conducted in English as well, but mostly depending on the language preferred by the head of the department.  [17]  Reports such as annual reports or financial reports are either in English or in both English and Malay. For example, Malaysia Airlines, the national carrier of Malaysia, presents its financial reports to their staff only in English  [18]  . Meanwhile, it is known that the language a flight attendant will use is English, even for domestic flights although the national language is Malay.  [19]  When a pilot or co-pilot announces the latest information about the flight, English is always preferred for both domestic and international flights. If private companies prefer English and English language is also widely used in governmental departments although Malay is supposed to be the language of instruction, it tells us that English does play an equally important role in todays Malaysia. Moreover, English is no longer seen as a competitive advantage but a basic requirement for jobseekers.  [20]  In 2005, the Malaysian government conducted a survey of nearly 60,000 Malaysian graduates who were unemployed. It was also revealed in the survey that 81 per cent of the unemployed attended public universities where the medium of instruction in many courses is in Malay.  [21]  Moreover, according to the senior consultant of Alpha Platform Sdn Bhd, a Malaysian full service communication firm, Many of the [graduates] are rejected five minutes into an interview due to their atrocious co mmand of [English].  [22]  Those examples show that Malaysians with lack of proficiency in English will be at a serious disadvantage in Malaysian society. It also suggests that English is gradually replacing Malays prominence in Malaysia, especially in private sectors. In addition, English is also very common in the lives of ordinary people in Malaysia. For instance, no English language entertainment import is ever dubbed and local television channels in Malaysia screen a wide variety of English cartoons, serials, dramas and films in original language with Malay subtitles only.  [23]  There are sizeable numbers of local English magazines and newspapers such as Flavours, Football Weekly, the Star, New Strait Times, Business Times, the Sun, Motor Trader, Golf Malaysia, BPL and many others. Moreover, there are many well-known foreign magazines such as Times, Readers Digest, PC Magazine, and Newsweek on sale all over Malaysia. The numbers of English newspapers all over Malaysia is exactly the same as that of Malay language.  [24]  Several foreign publishers even publish their own magazines in Malaysian version in English language such as FourFour Two and Top Gear from United Kingdom.  [25]  In addition, English books have dominated the two largest bookstore chains in Malaysia, MPH Bookstore and Popular Bookstore. An English teacher, Ram Mohann, claimed that Popular bookstore has around 65% of English books while English books almost dominate MPH bookstores in Malaysia with around 90% by citing internal sources.  [26]  Those different statistics and information do indicate that there is a big market for English readers in Malaysia.  [27]  However, it must be stressed that Mohann is only a teacher, not a market profession and his internal sources might not be very reliable either. Nevertheless, it is always known by Malaysians the dominance of English books in that either of those two bookstores or other bookstores is a fact that is beyond any doubt. On 9th July 2009, the Ministry of Education announced that the PPSMI policy will be abandoned starting 2012 by citing the percentage of students who achieved A to C for science had fallen by around 4% in both urban and rural schools. Basically the overturn of the policy means that all science-based and math subjects in Malaysian public schools will be reverting back to Malay for government schools, Chinese for Chinese schools and Tamil for Tamil schools. The reversal of the policy has caused as much debates as the ones when the policy was first implemented in 2003. For instance, Azimah Abdul Rahim, the chairman of Parents Action Group for Education (PAGE), questioned the reversal of the government on behalf of all parents by telling the reporter that there might be some schools which would want to continue teaching in English. I think there should be a choice. There are many Malaysians whose first language is English.  [28]  In addition, Lim Kit Siang, a prominent opposition lead er in Malaysian politics, described the decision as a Raw Deal leaving Malaysia stranded in the march towards global educational quality, excellence and competitiveness  [29]  . Moreover, Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, the former Prime Minister of Malaysia who was known for his Malay nationalism and the leader who, surprisingly, introduced the PPSMI policy under his administration, posted a poll regards the PPSMI abolishment and the result shows that 84 per cent want to retain English as the language medium for these subjects.  [30]  Mahathir also questions how [the reversal of PPSMI] is going to help integrate Malaysians,  [31]  which implies that English is not just a medium of instruction for science and math and business language in Malaysia, but at the same time a language that should help unify all Malaysians as a whole. However, it must be stressed that his view might be subjective as Lim is a leader from opposition party and the fact he was educated under English medium. Moreover, as Mahathir mentions in his blog, the result of the poll might be somewhat subjective as well since it was conducted in the English language and English language speakers might be biased in favour of English.  [32]  Nevertheless, the views collected, which represent the parents and politicians, have emphasized the fact that a lot Malaysians believe that it will be hard for their children to survive in the future with lack of proficiency in English and also reflected the fact that English speakers and the language itself do play an important role in the today and future society of Malaysia. English cannot be a unifying language of Malaysia While there is no doubt about the importance of English in private sectors in Malaysia, it must be stressed that Malay has been the sole official language of Malaysia since 1970 and the use of this language in various sectors is encouraged under the National Language Act.  [33]  The Malay nationalists are particularly against the increasing prominence of English in Malaysia, especially in education. This strong feeling had been shown by the Malay-ethnic people in a protest against the use of English in March 2009, which eventually caused the reversal of PPSMI policy.  [34]   Supporters of PPSMI always use Singapore, the neighbouring nation that once was part of Malaysia, as an example of how language skills can be a key to a connecting local workers and industries to global economy.  [35]  However, the reversal of PPSMI could eventually undermine the role of English in Malaysia today and the future because the students will have less opportunity to use the language in class in the future. Therefore, for the next generation, instead of English, there is a possibility that Malay might become the language that is going to be widely used among professionals. According to Muhyiddin Yassin, the minister of education Malaysia, , only 8% of teachers were using English exclusively in classes while the use of [Malay language] was still common, particularly in rural areas  [36]  Muhyiddins concern reveals several problems in Malaysian education today the gap between students from urban and rural areas and the lack of proficiency in English among Malaysian local teachers. According to Dr. Nor Hashimah Jalauddin, a professor in National University of Malaysias School of Language and Linguistics, students in urban areas adjusted better to the PPSMI compared with students in rural areas  [37]  and that English is considered a foreign language and third language for students in Sabah, Sarawak, Kelantan, Terrengganu, Kedah and Perlis.  [38]  She is convinced that learning Math and Science in English is a burden for students due to their lack of proficiency in English. In fact, it is not only a burden for students, even the Malaysian teachers going mad teaching subjects in English  [39]  because most Math and Science teachers in service were trained under the National Language Policy, which the language of instruction is Malay.  [40]  According to Dr Khalil Idham Lim Abdullah, while [the teachers] are still grappling with the language, they are required to teach their students as well.  [41]  This claim is supported by M ohann as well, there are 75% of [Science and Math teachers] were trained in Malay and that there is hardly a big improvement [in English for teachers] since [2003].  [42]  Even though the statistics given only refers to one particular school, it does suggest that there are a large number of teachers who cant use English fluently. If the teachers cant even speak fluent English, how can we expect the students to develop their language skill significantly and hence how is language going to become the unifying language? Even though English plays an important role in Malaysias society today, the amount of English speakers is rather limited. According to David Crystal, the total number of English as First Language speakers in Malaysia was 1.88% by 1994 while the number fell by 0.16% nine years later. Meanwhile, the total number of L1 and L2 speakers only rose from 31.9% to 33.2% within nine years and the rise is rather slight as well.  [43]  44The statistics indicate that there are very few fluent speakers Malaysia and thus English is definitely not a language that is understood by all Malaysians. Unifying language should be the language that unites the whole nation and if English is not generally understood by all Malaysia citizens, how can it be the unifying language of the country? The biggest problem that might threaten the status of English in Malaysia is the fact that English is a colonial legacy left by the British and it is evident that the Malays have been trying to wipe off the memory of colonialism. For instance, even though the Malaysian government only removed Englishs official role by 1967, ten years after independence, and removed all English-medium schools only by 1972, the Englishs elitist status in education and administration had been immediately downgraded in 1957.  [45]  They find it hard in accepting that English could be an ingredient in Malaysian national identity, in spite of its use in cultural situations in Malaysia at present.  [46]  Instead, they believe Malay is for national identity and English is for progress and for wider communication, which implies the Malays believe that English should be used for globalisation and internationalisation rather than a local language.  [47]  Thus, as Tan suggests, the fact that Malaysia is categorised under the Outer Circle means that it is more appropriate to talk about [the role of English in Malaysia in] individual communities or sections of society rather than the whole country.  [48]   Conclusion English is an important language in both the past and current society of Malaysia. Competence in English as a compulsory condition for employees in most private sectors and some governmental departments has emphasized the increasing prominence of English in the country. Moreover, the implementation of PPSMI policy in 2003 has significantly increased the usage of English among the new generation, especially those who are teenagers now and will become the future backbone of the country. While the implementation of PPSMI policy indicates that fact the government is concerned about the importance of English in the country, the debates among professionals and ordinary Malaysians regards the reversal of the policy also reveals how significant the language is for the people. In addition, the dominance of English books and magazines in bookstores of Malaysia indicates that there is a huge market for English books in Malaysia. However, some Malaysians, particularly the Malays, believe the only language that can unify all Malaysians is the Malay language. The lack of qualified teachers with fluent English is a reason why English is not a unifying language. Meanwhile, the inequality of English proficiency between students from urban areas and rural areas proves that English is not commonly understood by all Malaysians and hence it will not create national unity. Besides the proficiency of the teachers and students, the rather low percentage of English speakers also reveals the same problem in making English the unifying language in Malaysia. All in all, even though this issue is still rather debatable, the conclusion drawn is that English can be a unifying language in Malaysia to some extent. English plays an important role in the lives of ordinary Malaysians, private sectors and education in Malaysia. However, the usage of Malay language is encouraged in public sectors. The overturn of PPSMI policy in July 2009 has put the status of English in the country into doubt. Moreover, Malays believe their language should be the tool to unite the whole nation  [49]  but the Indians and/or Chinese believe Malay language will create division among all Malaysians. They believe that we should emulate the model of Singapore since English is a neutral language between all the different ethnicities as it does not identify any of the races in Malaysia and thus it will create an equal society.  [50]   Bibliography

Cild psycology

According to social learning theorists what Is the major way In which moral behaviors are learnt. Social learning theory posits that learning Is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction,even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement and on addition to the observation of behavior is governed solely by reinforcements by placing emphasis on the important roles of various internal processes In the learning individual. Q)according to psychoanalytic theory what Is the critical event in the development of morality. He summonsing of the doodles complex the child will have to realize that Insets(love for the opposite sex parent)l's forbidden and that is just the beginning now the child will also have to internals parental authority. Q)stealing-for a creditable motive-for selfish gain lying-an obvious exaggeration that no-one would be deceived by-intentional and convincing lie that does deceive an adult. Lying-an honest mistake whose uniqueness unfavorable affect an adult-a deliberate lie which, by chances does not cause any real Inconvenience.Q)place each of the 6 statements a-f under appropriate heading of heterogamous morality and autonomous morality. Heterogamous morality *lies to adults were worse than lies to children. *took little notice of intention. *made little differentiation between lies to adults and lies to peers. Autonomous morality *took Intention into account. *lying is wrong in itself. *lies are wrong because you get punished for them. Q)LA-pre-moral or presentational morality -childrearing rules to avoid punishment and conform to obtain rewards and favors returned and children follow rules when it is In their best interest.Q-conventional morality-children conform to avoid disapproval and dislike by others they also have respect for authority and a desire to avoid disapproval,the children value trust, loyalty,respect and gratitude. B-post-conventional-child ren conform to democratically accept the law and also to avoid self-condemnation,they are aware that there are different views ND values and are relative,when there are differences between law and conscience,conscience over rules in the final stage shows the development of the individual conscience.Q)we have Just started that Gallagher stages are in invariant order, what does this mean. Goldberg was Interested In how morality develop,that is at what age and in what order to children develop their understanding of right and wrong. Gallery argued that while different moral concepts appeared in different ages in different children,the order in which these concepts appeared was always the name across children,so every child who understood stage 2, moral principals had to first pass through stage 1 moral principals. His idea that moral concepts appeared In the same sequence In different children-l's the Idea of Invariant order that Is,the sequence, children always go stage 1 to 2 to stag e 3 and so forth,they do not skip stages or move through them in mixed up orders,not all children necessarily reach the highest stage,they might lack intellectual stimulation,but to the extent they do go through the stages,they proceed in order.