Role Of The English Language In Malaysia English Language Essay

Role Of The English Language In Malaysia English Language Essay Abstract This research examines the role of the English language in Malaysia, a former British colony in South East Asia from the 18th to the 20th century. My research question asks: to what extent can English be a unifying language in Malaysia? In order to approach the issue, the question has been narrowed down into two parts: English can be a unifying language of Malaysia; and English cannot be a unifying language of Malaysia. The influence of English in the lives of Malaysians such as daily life, workplace and education has been examined. There is a dichotomy in views whether English can become a unifying language in Malaysia. One side believes that English has already become an important part of Malaysian identity, particularly due to its colonial past and its current status of one of the languages of instruction in primary, secondary and tertiary education and also the status of business language. There is another view, mainly held by the Malay nationalists, opposed to such opinions due to the fact that there is a huge gap in the English language proficiency between people from the urban and rural areas. Three interviews have been conducted as part of the methods of investigation, but the most influential interviewee was Ram Mohann, an English teacher in a Malaysian secondary school. Books, news articles and academic journals have been used as well. The main sources for this research are written by Malaysian professors of linguistics, Azirah Hashim and Loga Baskaran. It is concluded that English can be a unifying language in Malaysia. The conclusion drawn is based on the fact that English plays an important role in the lives of Malaysians, private sectors and education in Malaysia. Most importantly, English is also regarded as a language that integrates all Malaysians by the non-Malays. Word count: 298 Introduction Malaya (now Malaysia) was a nation that had been occupied by European superpowers such as the Portuguese, Dutch and the British since the 16th century. However, the ones that really made a linguistic influence on the land were the British. Even though they left and granted independence to Malaya in 1957, one legacy that they have left the country is their language, English. English had been the official language of the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States and the Unfederated Malay States since the 1800s during the occupation of Great Britain and also served as the official language of Malaysia for a decade after the nations independence in 1957. However, in order to promote national unity and increase the participation of Bumiputra (Malay-ethnic and indigenous people) in tertiary education, the Malaysian government removed English from its official role and promoted the use of Bahasa Malaysia (Malaysian or Malay language) in 1967.  [1]   Nevertheless, English remains a dominant second language in Malaysia. It is still widely used in private companies. For the last two decades, the status of English has been a much debated-upon and jostled-about issue.  [2]  In this essay, I will investigate the role of English in Malaysia today. My research question is as follows; to what extent can English be a unifying language in Malaysia? Unifying language must be defined in order to answer the question. In this case, unifying language refers to the language that joins the people of Malaysia as a whole. I will discuss how English is used in many aspects of Malaysian lives in order to answer my research question. Moreover, the language of instruction in Malaysia will also serve as a springboard to investigate the role of English in Malaysia. Even though English is no longer an official language in Malaysia and therefore some might argue that Malaysia is not an Anglophone nation, the widespread usage of English in Malaysia is a fact that is beyond any question. English is a business language and a common language used among ordinary Malaysians, particularly in urban areas. Moreover, it is widely known that many of the older generation [in Malaysia] speak [English] very well.  [3]  Some elites even argue that English and Malay play an equally important role to help unite the people and create a unique national consciousness.  [4]  English is used for a variety of functions in professional and social transactions not only with the international community but also within the society.  [5]  In addition, even though all English-medium schools had been changed to Malay-medium schools in the 1980s, the implementation of PPSMI (teaching and learning Science and Math in English) policy in all Malaysian public schools s ince Primary One indicates that the government is not only concerning about the globalisation of the nation, but also with the importance of the language in Malaysia herself.  [6]  Hence, the use of English as a local language in Malaysia rather than an international language is enough to make Malaysia an unofficial Anglophone country. English can be a unifying language in Malaysia English language is the global lingua franca, a language for diplomacy and international trade. Workforces with good command of English will put the country a huge advantage in the world. According to Braj Kachrus three-circle model of World Englishes that categorises World Englishes into three concentric circles, which include Inner Circle representing the traditional base of English; Outer Circle that representing countries where English is not an official language but plays an important role; and Expanding Circle, including countries that employ it as a foreign language and for only limited purposes, Malaysia is listed under the Outer Circle.  [7]  This model indicates that there are a sizeable amount of people who use English as a first language. According to Azirah Hashim, a Professor of Linguistics in University of Malaya, English is used for a variety of functions in professional and social transactions not only with the international community but also within the society.  [8]  The quote tells us that Malaysians do not only use it as an international language, but some perceive English as a local language as well. Hashims view is not her own wishful thinking. It is evident everywhere in Malaysia, in both the Malaysian education and lives of Malaysia citizens. Broken English is very commonly used by taxi drivers, pedestrian pedlars, food hawkers, gardeners, garbologists, florists and food caterers.  [9]  For instance, phrases such as Buy 1 Free 1 or RM 5 for 2 are always visible in Malaysias local supermarkets, departmental stores and pasar malam, a Malay word for night market. It indicates that even for those who are not highly educated, they all have the enthusiasm to speak English because the degree of international integration is simply moving in leaps and bounds and man-on-the-street has to survive.  [10]  Most importantly, it shows that English is gaining more currency within Malaysian society, especially in urban areas.  [11]   After the PPSMI policy was implemented in 2003, the decision was described by some journalists as revive the glory of the language and reclaim English in education, which seems to allude to recognition of English as not just a global or international language, not just a European language, but also as a Malaysian language.  [12]  Moreover, even though there arent any official statistics available, it is known that there are sizeable numbers of English private kindergartens in Malaysia, particularly in urban areas. For non-English medium privately-owned kindergartens, English is always taught as one of the subjects apart from their mother tongue. According to a Malaysian Indian who is only willing to be identified as Subramaniam, My children are all studying in English-medium kindergarten because I know only a good command of English will lead them to success and I want them to build their foundation since they are young.  [13]  This comment reflects the fact that the Malaysia n parents are aware of the importance of English in todays world as well as Malaysian society itself and they know that a good command of English will put their children in a better position in todays world. In addition, English is generally taught 280 minutes per week in public schools  [14]  , which is even more than the teaching time for the senior class in Xiamen International School, an English-medium and IB World school. It must be noted that in Malaysian education, all high school students in public schools are required to learn English literature and English comprehension, rather than beginner English class. If the teaching time of English in a bilingual education is even more than an English-medium school, it indicates that English plays an equally important role for both Ministry of Education of Malaysia as well as an IB World school. However, it must also be noted that the level of English comprehension and/or literature might be lower than that of IB Diploma course, and hence the statistics do not indicate everything. According to a well-known Malaysian Indian journalist and politician, the late MGG Pillai, those who know English are better positioned for jobs than those without.  [15]  That was his comment regards the importance of English in his article written in 1994. His assessment was right spot on in todays world. In major companies in Malaysia, the only language used in a company meeting is English.  [16]  Meanwhile, some meetings in governmental departments are conducted in English as well, but mostly depending on the language preferred by the head of the department.  [17]  Reports such as annual reports or financial reports are either in English or in both English and Malay. For example, Malaysia Airlines, the national carrier of Malaysia, presents its financial reports to their staff only in English  [18]  . Meanwhile, it is known that the language a flight attendant will use is English, even for domestic flights although the national language is Malay.  [19]  When a pilot or co-pilot announces the latest information about the flight, English is always preferred for both domestic and international flights. If private companies prefer English and English language is also widely used in governmental departments although Malay is supposed to be the language of instruction, it tells us that English does play an equally important role in todays Malaysia. Moreover, English is no longer seen as a competitive advantage but a basic requirement for jobseekers.  [20]  In 2005, the Malaysian government conducted a survey of nearly 60,000 Malaysian graduates who were unemployed. It was also revealed in the survey that 81 per cent of the unemployed attended public universities where the medium of instruction in many courses is in Malay.  [21]  Moreover, according to the senior consultant of Alpha Platform Sdn Bhd, a Malaysian full service communication firm, Many of the [graduates] are rejected five minutes into an interview due to their atrocious co mmand of [English].  [22]  Those examples show that Malaysians with lack of proficiency in English will be at a serious disadvantage in Malaysian society. It also suggests that English is gradually replacing Malays prominence in Malaysia, especially in private sectors. In addition, English is also very common in the lives of ordinary people in Malaysia. For instance, no English language entertainment import is ever dubbed and local television channels in Malaysia screen a wide variety of English cartoons, serials, dramas and films in original language with Malay subtitles only.  [23]  There are sizeable numbers of local English magazines and newspapers such as Flavours, Football Weekly, the Star, New Strait Times, Business Times, the Sun, Motor Trader, Golf Malaysia, BPL and many others. Moreover, there are many well-known foreign magazines such as Times, Readers Digest, PC Magazine, and Newsweek on sale all over Malaysia. The numbers of English newspapers all over Malaysia is exactly the same as that of Malay language.  [24]  Several foreign publishers even publish their own magazines in Malaysian version in English language such as FourFour Two and Top Gear from United Kingdom.  [25]  In addition, English books have dominated the two largest bookstore chains in Malaysia, MPH Bookstore and Popular Bookstore. An English teacher, Ram Mohann, claimed that Popular bookstore has around 65% of English books while English books almost dominate MPH bookstores in Malaysia with around 90% by citing internal sources.  [26]  Those different statistics and information do indicate that there is a big market for English readers in Malaysia.  [27]  However, it must be stressed that Mohann is only a teacher, not a market profession and his internal sources might not be very reliable either. Nevertheless, it is always known by Malaysians the dominance of English books in that either of those two bookstores or other bookstores is a fact that is beyond any doubt. On 9th July 2009, the Ministry of Education announced that the PPSMI policy will be abandoned starting 2012 by citing the percentage of students who achieved A to C for science had fallen by around 4% in both urban and rural schools. Basically the overturn of the policy means that all science-based and math subjects in Malaysian public schools will be reverting back to Malay for government schools, Chinese for Chinese schools and Tamil for Tamil schools. The reversal of the policy has caused as much debates as the ones when the policy was first implemented in 2003. For instance, Azimah Abdul Rahim, the chairman of Parents Action Group for Education (PAGE), questioned the reversal of the government on behalf of all parents by telling the reporter that there might be some schools which would want to continue teaching in English. I think there should be a choice. There are many Malaysians whose first language is English.  [28]  In addition, Lim Kit Siang, a prominent opposition lead er in Malaysian politics, described the decision as a Raw Deal leaving Malaysia stranded in the march towards global educational quality, excellence and competitiveness  [29]  . Moreover, Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, the former Prime Minister of Malaysia who was known for his Malay nationalism and the leader who, surprisingly, introduced the PPSMI policy under his administration, posted a poll regards the PPSMI abolishment and the result shows that 84 per cent want to retain English as the language medium for these subjects.  [30]  Mahathir also questions how [the reversal of PPSMI] is going to help integrate Malaysians,  [31]  which implies that English is not just a medium of instruction for science and math and business language in Malaysia, but at the same time a language that should help unify all Malaysians as a whole. However, it must be stressed that his view might be subjective as Lim is a leader from opposition party and the fact he was educated under English medium. Moreover, as Mahathir mentions in his blog, the result of the poll might be somewhat subjective as well since it was conducted in the English language and English language speakers might be biased in favour of English.  [32]  Nevertheless, the views collected, which represent the parents and politicians, have emphasized the fact that a lot Malaysians believe that it will be hard for their children to survive in the future with lack of proficiency in English and also reflected the fact that English speakers and the language itself do play an important role in the today and future society of Malaysia. English cannot be a unifying language of Malaysia While there is no doubt about the importance of English in private sectors in Malaysia, it must be stressed that Malay has been the sole official language of Malaysia since 1970 and the use of this language in various sectors is encouraged under the National Language Act.  [33]  The Malay nationalists are particularly against the increasing prominence of English in Malaysia, especially in education. This strong feeling had been shown by the Malay-ethnic people in a protest against the use of English in March 2009, which eventually caused the reversal of PPSMI policy.  [34]   Supporters of PPSMI always use Singapore, the neighbouring nation that once was part of Malaysia, as an example of how language skills can be a key to a connecting local workers and industries to global economy.  [35]  However, the reversal of PPSMI could eventually undermine the role of English in Malaysia today and the future because the students will have less opportunity to use the language in class in the future. Therefore, for the next generation, instead of English, there is a possibility that Malay might become the language that is going to be widely used among professionals. According to Muhyiddin Yassin, the minister of education Malaysia, , only 8% of teachers were using English exclusively in classes while the use of [Malay language] was still common, particularly in rural areas  [36]  Muhyiddins concern reveals several problems in Malaysian education today the gap between students from urban and rural areas and the lack of proficiency in English among Malaysian local teachers. According to Dr. Nor Hashimah Jalauddin, a professor in National University of Malaysias School of Language and Linguistics, students in urban areas adjusted better to the PPSMI compared with students in rural areas  [37]  and that English is considered a foreign language and third language for students in Sabah, Sarawak, Kelantan, Terrengganu, Kedah and Perlis.  [38]  She is convinced that learning Math and Science in English is a burden for students due to their lack of proficiency in English. In fact, it is not only a burden for students, even the Malaysian teachers going mad teaching subjects in English  [39]  because most Math and Science teachers in service were trained under the National Language Policy, which the language of instruction is Malay.  [40]  According to Dr Khalil Idham Lim Abdullah, while [the teachers] are still grappling with the language, they are required to teach their students as well.  [41]  This claim is supported by M ohann as well, there are 75% of [Science and Math teachers] were trained in Malay and that there is hardly a big improvement [in English for teachers] since [2003].  [42]  Even though the statistics given only refers to one particular school, it does suggest that there are a large number of teachers who cant use English fluently. If the teachers cant even speak fluent English, how can we expect the students to develop their language skill significantly and hence how is language going to become the unifying language? Even though English plays an important role in Malaysias society today, the amount of English speakers is rather limited. According to David Crystal, the total number of English as First Language speakers in Malaysia was 1.88% by 1994 while the number fell by 0.16% nine years later. Meanwhile, the total number of L1 and L2 speakers only rose from 31.9% to 33.2% within nine years and the rise is rather slight as well.  [43]  44The statistics indicate that there are very few fluent speakers Malaysia and thus English is definitely not a language that is understood by all Malaysians. Unifying language should be the language that unites the whole nation and if English is not generally understood by all Malaysia citizens, how can it be the unifying language of the country? The biggest problem that might threaten the status of English in Malaysia is the fact that English is a colonial legacy left by the British and it is evident that the Malays have been trying to wipe off the memory of colonialism. For instance, even though the Malaysian government only removed Englishs official role by 1967, ten years after independence, and removed all English-medium schools only by 1972, the Englishs elitist status in education and administration had been immediately downgraded in 1957.  [45]  They find it hard in accepting that English could be an ingredient in Malaysian national identity, in spite of its use in cultural situations in Malaysia at present.  [46]  Instead, they believe Malay is for national identity and English is for progress and for wider communication, which implies the Malays believe that English should be used for globalisation and internationalisation rather than a local language.  [47]  Thus, as Tan suggests, the fact that Malaysia is categorised under the Outer Circle means that it is more appropriate to talk about [the role of English in Malaysia in] individual communities or sections of society rather than the whole country.  [48]   Conclusion English is an important language in both the past and current society of Malaysia. Competence in English as a compulsory condition for employees in most private sectors and some governmental departments has emphasized the increasing prominence of English in the country. Moreover, the implementation of PPSMI policy in 2003 has significantly increased the usage of English among the new generation, especially those who are teenagers now and will become the future backbone of the country. While the implementation of PPSMI policy indicates that fact the government is concerned about the importance of English in the country, the debates among professionals and ordinary Malaysians regards the reversal of the policy also reveals how significant the language is for the people. In addition, the dominance of English books and magazines in bookstores of Malaysia indicates that there is a huge market for English books in Malaysia. However, some Malaysians, particularly the Malays, believe the only language that can unify all Malaysians is the Malay language. The lack of qualified teachers with fluent English is a reason why English is not a unifying language. Meanwhile, the inequality of English proficiency between students from urban areas and rural areas proves that English is not commonly understood by all Malaysians and hence it will not create national unity. Besides the proficiency of the teachers and students, the rather low percentage of English speakers also reveals the same problem in making English the unifying language in Malaysia. All in all, even though this issue is still rather debatable, the conclusion drawn is that English can be a unifying language in Malaysia to some extent. English plays an important role in the lives of ordinary Malaysians, private sectors and education in Malaysia. However, the usage of Malay language is encouraged in public sectors. The overturn of PPSMI policy in July 2009 has put the status of English in the country into doubt. Moreover, Malays believe their language should be the tool to unite the whole nation  [49]  but the Indians and/or Chinese believe Malay language will create division among all Malaysians. They believe that we should emulate the model of Singapore since English is a neutral language between all the different ethnicities as it does not identify any of the races in Malaysia and thus it will create an equal society.  [50]   Bibliography

Cild psycology

According to social learning theorists what Is the major way In which moral behaviors are learnt. Social learning theory posits that learning Is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction,even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement and on addition to the observation of behavior is governed solely by reinforcements by placing emphasis on the important roles of various internal processes In the learning individual. Q)according to psychoanalytic theory what Is the critical event in the development of morality. He summonsing of the doodles complex the child will have to realize that Insets(love for the opposite sex parent)l's forbidden and that is just the beginning now the child will also have to internals parental authority. Q)stealing-for a creditable motive-for selfish gain lying-an obvious exaggeration that no-one would be deceived by-intentional and convincing lie that does deceive an adult. Lying-an honest mistake whose uniqueness unfavorable affect an adult-a deliberate lie which, by chances does not cause any real Inconvenience.Q)place each of the 6 statements a-f under appropriate heading of heterogamous morality and autonomous morality. Heterogamous morality *lies to adults were worse than lies to children. *took little notice of intention. *made little differentiation between lies to adults and lies to peers. Autonomous morality *took Intention into account. *lying is wrong in itself. *lies are wrong because you get punished for them. Q)LA-pre-moral or presentational morality -childrearing rules to avoid punishment and conform to obtain rewards and favors returned and children follow rules when it is In their best interest.Q-conventional morality-children conform to avoid disapproval and dislike by others they also have respect for authority and a desire to avoid disapproval,the children value trust, loyalty,respect and gratitude. B-post-conventional-child ren conform to democratically accept the law and also to avoid self-condemnation,they are aware that there are different views ND values and are relative,when there are differences between law and conscience,conscience over rules in the final stage shows the development of the individual conscience.Q)we have Just started that Gallagher stages are in invariant order, what does this mean. Goldberg was Interested In how morality develop,that is at what age and in what order to children develop their understanding of right and wrong. Gallery argued that while different moral concepts appeared in different ages in different children,the order in which these concepts appeared was always the name across children,so every child who understood stage 2, moral principals had to first pass through stage 1 moral principals. His idea that moral concepts appeared In the same sequence In different children-l's the Idea of Invariant order that Is,the sequence, children always go stage 1 to 2 to stag e 3 and so forth,they do not skip stages or move through them in mixed up orders,not all children necessarily reach the highest stage,they might lack intellectual stimulation,but to the extent they do go through the stages,they proceed in order.

Essay on Gender Stereotypes in T.V. Show How I Met Your...

My chosen scene is from a popular T.V. show called How I Met Your Mother. This show goes with gender stereotypes and goes against gender stereotypes. The show is about a group of friends, Lily and Marshall being an engaged/married couple, Barney the single â€Å"player†, Robin a Canadian tomboy, and Ted the main character, who is a hopeless romantic trying to find true love in New York City. Ted, over the past couple episodes meets a girl and she becomes his girlfriend. In the meantime, he’s spending all of his time with her, Lily and Marshall have a romantic weekend planned leaving Barney and Robin to hang out together, they decide to have a â€Å"Bro† date. Robin and Barney do typical guy things, such as; smoking cigars, playing laser tag, and†¦show more content†¦Do elementary school boys identified as sissies show a preference for social activities, conformity, a tendency to nurture or seek approval, as compared with other boys? Which sex do they pre fer to play with, and who prefers them in the classroom? Do both peers and teachers like them? (Hemmer and Kleiber 1981) In the first study, they went to two different schools in the Midwest. They used 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th grade students, their teachers (including music, gym, etc.), and their parents. They divided the students between male and female and gave them a survey. In this survey, it had the names of their peers and had statements, such as; this student is supportive, or this student is a sissy/tomboy, or who makes fun of others. The students had to write the names down that they thought exhibited certain characteristics. The teachers were asked to comment on which of their students tended to be more cooperative, have good tempers, demanded attention, etc. The parents were also survey on their children’s attitudes, class participation, and physical activities. (Hemmer and Kleiber 1981) After the identification of tomboys and sissies, the other characteristics that students linked their names to were looked at. The tomboys in 3rd and 4th grade were seen as bullies and would make fun of other students who didn’t fit in with the â€Å"social norm†. They didn’t have many friends and weren’tShow MoreRelatedAmerican Holidays11778 Words   |  48 PagesLabor Day is the last day of summer celebrations. It is a signal to students across the country that school is ready to begin again! Arbor Day Arbor Day in Latin, arbor means â€Å"tree†. In the United States Arbor day is a tree-planting day to beautify your towns or to teach about protecting our forests, but in some states it is a legal holiday. Halloween Halloween is celebrated on October 31st. â€Å"the observances connected with Halloween are thought to have originated among the ancient Druids, who

Montags Transformation in Fahrenheit 451 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 740 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Fahrenheit 451 Essay Ray Bradbury Essay Did you like this example? Change is a main component of a human life throughout ones existence, and is inevitable. Although sometimes it may be difficult to change, or to do what it right, it is always advantageous in the long run. It creates opportunities and opens doors to new possibilities and ideas, which can broaden our sense of worth and disclose our true integrity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Montags Transformation in Fahrenheit 451" essay for you Create order In most novels, the protagonist develops and is enlightened, which is a direct effect of the changes in either a society, friend group, quality of life, or the protagonists own self. Sometimes, change can come abruptly because of an event or an incident that happens, or it can com gradually through time while the character begins to understand himself and their own morals. In Ray Bradburys novel, Fahrenheit 451, Clarisse, Faber, and Granger had an enormous impact on the protagonist, Montag; thus, changing his views on society. Clearly, Clarisse McClellan played an essential role in Montags transformation, through her unique personality and her conversations with Montag. Clarisse told Montag, Youre one of the few who put up with me. Thats why I think its so strange youre a fireman, it just doesnt seem right for you, somehow. In this quote, it is clear that Clarisse is aiding Montag to realize his self worth and capabilities. One can foreshadow from this quote that deep inside, Montag wanted a drastic change in his life, and would do anything do dig himself out of the hole society has created. One can conclude that Clarisses questioning of Montags role in society, and his happiness overall, began the chain reaction into the transformation he went through. Also, Clarisses death made Montag realize that the government is attempting to censor information, which shows the reader that Clarisse was different, and Montag identified with her. Similar to Clarisses effect on Montags transformation, Faber helped transform Montag through his past experiences, and his knowledge of books and life in general. Faber stated Mr. Montag, you are looking at a coward. I saw the way things were going, a long time back, I said nothing. It is evident from this quote that Fabers lack of courage to stand up for his belief, gave Montag motivation to stand up himself. Also, since Faber had great knowledge about books, and were to obtain someone to print them, Montag could use him as a tool to complete his plan. Fabers willingness to teach Montag the meaning behind his plan, showed that Montag was ready to carry through with his plan. Also, one can conclude that when Montag began to see Fabers passion about the plan to take the society out from the inside, it gave him a sense of partnership, that would allow him to carry out the plan. Lastly, the final touches to Montags transformation can be largely credited to Granger. He said, Everyone must leave something behind when he dies. One can conclude that Granger is telling Montag that when he rejected the censorship morals of society, it was his mark that he left on earth. Also, when Granger told Montag, I struck a fireman when he came to burn my library years ago, this made it evident to Montag, that he was not the only ones with frustrations and animosity towards societies ways. One can conclude that Montag was finally at peace with himself and his actions, because Granger made him realize he was not alone in his journey. Also, Grangers society, which consisted of memorizing books to hopefully make a difference, gave Montag a a purpose for his life, thus transforming him into a new person. All things considered, Montag transformed and changed his views on society due to the wisdom of Clarisse, Faber, and Granger. It is evident that all three characters played a vital role in opening Montags mind, and helped him realize his true purpose. Firstly his difficulty expressing his true feelings about society, due to rejection, was receded through Clarisses questioning of Montag. Secondly, Fabers cowardice in past events, helped Montag realize that he needed to make a difference, unlike Faber. Lastly, Grangers society gave meaning to Montags life, therefore helping him to carry out his purpose, recuperate his integrity, and overall, to transform as a human. Without doubt, Montags indifferent perspective on society, and the censorship that came along with it, quickly changed with the clear understanding that Clarise, Faber, and Granger had; thus, making Montag aware of the true dystopia he lived in.

4 Mat Review of Integrative Approaches to Psychology and...

4 MAT Review of Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity 2nd Ed. COUN 506 Sherrita L. Hedgepeth Liberty University July 14, 2012 Summary David Entwistles (2010) Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity appears to be a text with a primary audience which appears to be conservative evangelical Christians. The basic ‘meat’ of the book is the premise that weaving together perspectives from psychology and Christian theology can help us understand and appreciate humanity more fully than we could with either perspective alone (p. 3). Entwistle’s view is that in faithful reading of both the book of Gods work (nature) and the book of Gods word (theology), this textbook seems to be the work of an individual†¦show more content†¦He concludes that psychosocial and spiritual thought, is both science and theology in its elements, as well as acknowledged the ways in which human sinfulness distorts what we claim to know, and employs a Christian worldview. Entwistle argues that optimal integrative efforts combine personal and spiritual as well as intellectual knowledge and application. Concrete Response There is a sentence in the endnotes of the text that really hit home for me and it was â€Å"nevertheless, we can never fully rise above our own assumptions, and none of us can completely rise above our cultural and historical conditioning† (pg. 118). When I read this my mind went back to a time when I thought I could take no more of what life was handing me. I went to my chaplain with what felt like the world on my shoulders and anger in my heart because I thought that I had been stupid to give my boyfriend a second and third chance, he had hurt me just like ‘everyone else’ but my chaplain reminded me that it is my faith in god and my heart that is why I kept giving him new chances. He did so by having me recall one of my favorite passages from the bible â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It does not dishonor others, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with theShow MoreRelated4 Mat Review Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pages4 MAT Review Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Liberty University Jacqueline Langford 4-MAT Review: Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Abstract The integration of psychology and theology has become a hot topic since psychology began to integrate into a new part of society. Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity argue ways that one can embrace psychology into the Christian world. The church has always been a dominant part of society. AsRead MoreEssay about 4-Mat Review Entwistle1220 Words   |  5 Pages4-MAT Review of Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Shelby Peters Liberty University 4-MAT Review of Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Summary In his book Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity, David N. Entwistle explores the necessity of integrating psychology and Christianity, the worldview issues, philosophical foundations, models of integration and discusses the difficulty inRead MoreInternet Forum and Discussion Board Forums1224 Words   |  5 PagesCourse Syllabus COUN 506 Integration of Psychology and Theology Course Description Students critically examine the implications of a Christian worldview for counseling and marriage and family practice. Ethical issues relevant to the use of spiritual and religious interventions with individuals, couples, families are considered, along with current research related to spirituality and counseling. Rationale Integration of psychology, theology, and spirituality provides students an

Macbeth William Shakespear Essay Free Essays

The tragedy â€Å"Macbeth† written by William Shakespeare portrays Macbeth as a man who was once a great hero, that falls victim of his ambition for power. This ambition is induced by factors including Lady Macbeth, the witches prophecies and the guilt and remorse felt by Macbeth in regards to the deed he was to commit. These are the factors that contribute to the downfall of Macbeth. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth William Shakespear Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lady Macbeth is characterized as an ambitious woman who can manipulate Macbeth easily. This is shown in (Act 1 Scene 5 line 25) when she says â€Å"That I may pour my spirits in thine ear†. She manipulates his self esteem by playing with his masculinity and his bravery. Lady Macbeth feels she does not have the strength to commit the deed herself and therefore becomes successful in altering Macbeths ambitions. She says ‘unsex me here’ (Act 1 Scene 4; line 39) meaning that she could never have to position of power and rank that she pushes Macbeth to strive for. Through the laguage technique of Euphemisms, Shakespeare shows that Lady Macbeth has difficulty coping and facing reality. An example of this is the text is referring to the murder of King Duncan as ? the ‘deed’. Lady Macbeth describes the action of murdering King Duncan through the words ‘to catch the nearest way’. The use of this euphemism to describe the action of killing Duncan can be seen as though she is trying to hide the harsh imagery of blood and violence in the action of murder. This is an example of Lady Macbeth’s diminishing sense of conscientiousness. The composer also uses vulgar language to express Lady Macbeths character. She says ‘Screw your courage to the sticking place’ in order to further manipulate Macbeth. Shakespeare uses the three witches to set the dark sinister tone of the play. They resemble fates, who sinisterly manipulate human lives and subsequently end them. Sakespeare creates a mysterious and ominous atmosphere, indicating that ‘Fair is foul and foul is fair’ which suggests a change of values. â€Å"And oftentimes, to win us to our harm,The instruments of darkness tell us truths. â€Å"(Act 1, Scene 3, Lines 134 135) The comparison of the witches to â€Å"instruments of darkness† reveals their truly foul nature. Shakespeare is implying through Banquo that the prophecies of the weird sisters will only bring about Macbeth’s downfall. In addition, since Macbeth listens to the witches, he can be considered an â€Å"instrument of darkness† himself. The witches prophecies are very powerful in their manipulation of Macbeth. Through equivocation, the composer expresses the theme of appearance vs real by making the Witches prophecies appear to be a good thing to Macbeth but in reality, they trick him into damning himself. The witches speak in rhyming couplets throughout the play, which separates them from the other characters. In act 1 scene 3 the witches greet Macbeth as ‘Thane of Glamis’, ‘Thane of Cawdor’ and as ‘King of Scotland’. This prophecy leads Macbeth to genuinely think about being in control and having power. The audience views the witches as evil, having the capability of casting terrible events. However the witches cannot force Macbeth to do anything that he does not want to do. They merely revealed the future and chose to confront Macbeth at a time when he is most vulnerable, after the battle where he is feeling very proud of his achievements. Consequently, the witches certainly did have a role to play in Macbeth’s downfall, but if Macbeth had been more concerned with morality and ethics and less concerned about having power, control, and becoming king, he would have ignored the witches’ prophecy. Prior to the murder of King Duncan, Macbeth is plagued by worry and almost aborts the crime. It is in Macbeths soliloquy, where the audience is made aware of Macbeths uncertainty about whether or not he should go through with the murder. â€Å"Is this a dagger which i see before me The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee† (Act 2 Scene 1 lines 41 ; 42) This extract shows how Shakespeare explores the theme of good and evil and how Macbeth is torn between the forces of good preventing the deed, and the forces of evil which seem to be aiding him in his crime. In this scene, Macbeth also says â€Å"A dagger of the mind, a false creation Proceeding from the heat oppressed brain? †. Macbeth wonders if this vision of the dagger comes from his feverish mind. He also decides that he is imagining things. He is not able to distinguish reality from imagination. It is obvious that Macbeth would like to think that the dagger is imaginary, but the guilt he feels at the thought of committing the evil deed is enough to make him think the dagger is real. Although the murder has not yet taken place, Macbeth starts to feel guilt and remorse and is concerned of the consequences that may occur if he does murder King Duncan. His weakness is ‘valuating ambition’ meaning that following the deed, Macbeth will suffer the consequences. The appearance of blood on both the hands on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is an image that represents the guilt and fear of their brutal crime. In the use of personification, Macbeth imagines that the stones of the castle are alive and talking. His fearful imagination makes him afraid that the stones on which he walks will speak out and give him away, following the deed. Perhaps the turning point of the novel in which Macbeth kills Banquo; his loyal friend due to the paranoia felt after the deed had been committed. Shakespeare uses an aside to express how Macbeth’s character begins to deteriorate. This aside is crucial because it foreshadows future events to come. â€Å"Hear not my steps, which way they walk, for fear† This text shows how the composer has used various language techniques such as commas and punctuation to break up the phrases into regular patterns, creating dramatic effect. Shakespeare also uses irony to show how it is ironic that Macbeths quest for power and happiness would leave him weak and alone. Shakespeare uses this variety of techniques to portray how insanity had finally take over Macbeth and pushed him over the edge. In conclusion, it is evident that Macbeth is an ambitious man who is corrupted by the power he gains. The key influences that induce Macbeth into a down spiral are lady Macbeth, the witches prophecies and his own feelings of guilt. In the end it is Macbeths tragic flaw, vaulting ambition, which leads to his downfall. How to cite Macbeth William Shakespear Essay, Essays

Midterm Review Advanced Corporate Finance free essay sample

The questions will be similar to those in the homework and the review except that the possible solutions are not given. You can bring a formula sheet to the exam. Final Exams for Classes Meeting Tu-Th at 3:30pm Tuesday, May 19 11:30 AM 2:30 PM †¢ †¢ †¢ Chapter 11 1. Assume the U. S. government was to decide to increase its budget deficit. This will cause __________ to increase. A) interest rates B) the output of the economy C) both a and b D) neither a nor b 2. A big increase in government spending is an example of __________. A) a demand shock B) a supply shock C) an unsurprising shock D) none of the above If you expect a larger interest rate increase than other market participants do, you would A) buy long-term bonds B) buy short-term bonds C) buy long-term government bonds only D) buy short-term government bonds only Which of the following would not be considered a supply shock? A) a change in the price of imported oil B) frost damage to the orange crop C) a change in the level of education of the average worker D) an increase in the level of government spending A trough is __________. A) a transition from an expansion in the business cycle to the start of a contraction B) a transition from a contraction in the business cycle to the start of an expansion C) only something used by farmers to feed pigs and is not a term in investments D) none of the above 3. 4. 5. 6. The ___ stage of the business cycle would be a good time to invest in firms engaged in natural resource extraction and processing such as minerals and petroleum. A) Peak B) Contraction C) Trough D) Expansion __________ the ratio of the number of people classified as unemployed to the total labor force. . A) B) C) D) 8. The capacity utilization rate is The participation rate is The unemployment rate is None of the above are An analyst starts by examining the broad economic environment and then considers the implications of the outside environment on the industry in which the firm operates. Finally, the firms position within the industry is examined. This is called __________ analysis. A) bottom-up B) outs ide-inside C) top-down D) upside-down Chapter 12 9. __________ is defined as the present value of all cash proceeds to the investor in the stock. A) dividend payout ratio B) intrinsic value C) market capitalization rate D) plow-back ratio 10. __________ are analysts who use information concerning current and prospective profitability of a company to assess its fair market value. A) credit analysts B) fundamental analysts C) systems analysts D) technical analysts You wish to earn a return of 10% on each of two stocks, A and B. Each of the stocks is expected to pay a dividend of $4 in the upcoming year. The expected growth rate of dividends is 6% for stock A and 5% for stock B. Using the constant growth DDM, the intrinsic value of stock A __________. A) will be higher than the intrinsic value of stock B B) will be the same as the intrinsic value of stock B C) will be less than the intrinsic value of stock B D) more information is necessary to Answer this question 11. 12. The market capitalization rate on the stock of Aberdeen Wholesale Company is 10%. Its expected ROE is 12% and its expected EPS is $5. 00. If the firms plow- back ratio is 40%, its P/E ratio will be __________. A) 8. 33 B) 11. 54 C) 19. 23 D) 50. 00 13. Rose Hill Trading Company is expected to have EPS in the upcoming year of $6. 00. The expected ROE is 18. 0%. An appropriate required return on the stock is 14%. If the firm has a plowback ratio of 60%, its growth rate of dividends should be __________. A) 2. 5% B) 4. 0% C) 8. 4% D) 10. 8% 14. Grott and Perrin, Inc. has expected earnings of $3 per share for next year. The firms ROE is 20% and its earnings retention ratio is 70%. If the firms market capitalization rate is 15%, what is the present value of its growth opportunities? A) $20 B) $70 C) $90 D) $115 Cache Creek Manufacturing Company is expected to pay a dividend of $4. 20 in the upcoming year. Dividends are expected to grow at the rate of 8% per year. The riskfree rate of return is 4% and the expected return on the market portfolio is 14%. Investors use the CAPM to compute the market capitalization rate on the stock, and the constant growth DDM to determine the intrinsic value of the stock. The stock is trading in the market today at $84. 00. Using the constant growth DDM and the CAPM, the beta of the stock is __________. A) 1. 4 B) 0. 9 C) 0. 8 D) 0. 5 15. 16. Westsyde Tool Company is expected to pay a dividend of $2. 00 in the upcoming year. The risk-free rate of return is 6% and the expected return on the market portfolio is 12%. Analysts expect the price of Westsyde Tool Company shares to be $29 a year from now. The beta of Westsyde Tool Companys stock is 1. 20. Using a one-period valuation model, the intrinsic value of Westsyde Tool Company stock today is __________. A) $24. 29 B) $27. 39 C) $31. 13 D) $34. 52 17. Ace Frisbee Corporation produces a good that is very mature in their product life cycles. Ace Frisbee Corporation is expected to pay a dividend in year 1 of $3. 00, a dividend in year 2 of $2. 00, and a dividend in year 3 of $1. 00. After year 3, dividends are expected to decline at the rate of 2% per year. An appropriate required return for the stock is 8%. Using the multistage DDM, the stock should be worth __________ today. A) $13. 06 B) $13. 38 C) $18. 25 D) $18. 78 18. A firm is expected to produce $3. 00 per share in earnings next year. If the firm plans to plow back 30% of those earnings at a reinvestment rate of 25%, what will be the expected growth in dividends? A) 7. 50% B) 15. 0% C) 25. 0% D) 30. 0% 19. Next years earnings are estimated to be $5. 00. The company plans to reinvest 20% of its earnings at 15%. If the cost of equity is 9%, what is the present value of growth opportunities? A) $9. 09 B) $10. 10 C) $11. 11 D) $12,21 20. Janet Ludlow’s firm requires all its analysts to use a two-stage DDM and the CAPM to value stocks. Using these measures, Ludlow has valued QuickBrush Company at $63 per share. She now must value SmileWhite Corporation. a. Calculate the required rate of return for SmileWhite using the information in the following table: (K) b. Ludlow estimates the following EPS and dividend growth rates for SmileWhite: (K) Estimate the intrinsic value of SmileWhite using the table above, and the twostage DDM. Dividends per share in 2007 were $1. 72. Chapter 13 21. Which of the following balance sheet items is not considered an asset? A) inventory B) accounts receivable C) accrued taxes D) All of the above are assets 22. A firm has a ROE of 20% and a market-to-book ratio of 2. 38. Its P/E ratio is __________. A) 8. 40 B) 11. 90 C) 17. 62 D) 47. 60 Use the following to answer questions 32-41: The financial statements of Shuswap Lake Manufacturing Company are given below. Note: The common shares are trading in the stock market for $160 each. 23. The firms current ratio for 2005 is __________. A) 0. 90 B) 1. 44 C) 1. 89 D) 2. 0 The firms leverage ratio for 2004 is __________. A) 0. 90 B) 1. 56 C) 1. 89 D) 3. 13 24. 25. The firms fixed asset turnover ratio for 2005 is __________. Please keep in mind that when a ratio involves both income statement and balance sheet numbers, the balance sheet numbers for the beginning and end of the year must be averaged. A) 3. 39 B) 3. 60 C) 6. 00 D) 12. 00 The firms asset turnover ratio for 2005 is_ _________. Please keep in mind that when a ratio involves both income statement and balance sheet numbers, the balance sheet numbers for the beginning and end of the year must be averaged. A) 0. 90 B) 1. 56 C) 1. 92 D) 2. 80 The net income of the company is $970. Taxes payable decrease by $120, depreciation is $85, and fixed assets are sold for $90. If the firms inventories also decline by $65, what is the total change in cash for the firm for all activities? A) Increase of $970 B) Increase of $1090 C) Decrease of $970 D) Decrease of $1090 A firm has an ROE of 3%, a debt/equity ratio of 0. 5, a tax rate of 40%, and the interest rate on its debt is 10%. Its ROA is __________. A) 4% B) 6% C) 6. 67% D) 7. 50% 26. 27. 28. 29. A firm purchases goods on credit worth $150. The same firm pays off $100 in old credit purchases. An investment is made via the purchase of a new facility and equity is issued in the amount of $300 to pay for the purchase. What is the change in net cash provided by operations? A) $50 increase B) $100 increase C) $150 increase D) $250 increase 30. What ratio will definitely increase when a firm increases its annual sales with no corresponding increase in assets? A) Asset turnover B) Current ratio C) Liquidity ratio D) Quick ratio 31. Alumbat Corporation has $800,000 of debt outstanding, and it pays an interest rate of 10 percent annually on its bank loan. Alumbats annual sales are $3,200,000; its average tax rate is 40 percent; and its net profit margin on sales is 6 percent. If the company does not maintain a TIE ratio of at least 4 times, its bank will refuse to renew its loan, and bankruptcy will result. What is Alumbats current TIE ratio? a. b. c. d. e. 2. 4 3. 4 3. 6 4. 0 5. 0 Chapter 19 32. The Dow theory proposes that several forces simultaneously affect stock prices. Which of the following is not one of these forces? a. the primary trend b. contrary trends c. intermediate trends d. minor trends 33. When a stocks market price breaks through its moving average line from below, a technical analyst interprets this as a(n) ______________. a. bullish signal b. bearish signal c. hold recommendation d. uncertain signal requiring confirmation 34. Technical analysts ______________. a. never incorporate fundamental information into their analysis b. do not deny the value of fundamental information c. believe that fundamental analysis must support their conclusions d. None of the above 35. A relatively low value of Barrons confidence index is a(n): a. bullish signal. . bearish signal. c. hold recommendation. d. uncertain signal requiring further confirmation. 36. When stock price falls below a support level, technical analysts interpret this as a(n): a. bullish signal. b. bearish signal. c. hold recommendation. d. uncertain signal requiring further confirmation. 37. If stock advances exceed declines by a wide margin, then technical analysts perceive the market as ______________. a. vulnera ble to a sell-off b. likely to remain stable c. stronger because of the widespread movement d. weaker because of the widespread movement 38. The ratio of the price of a particular security to a price index for its industry is referred to as the ______________. a. trin statistic b. primary trend c. breadth ratio d. relative strength 39. A high amount of short interest is typically considered as a __________ and contrarians may consider it as a _________. a. Bearish signal; bullish signal b. Bullish signal; bearish signal c. Bearish signal; false signal d. Bullish signal; false signal 40. The Dow Theory is a technique that attempts to identify ___________________. a. Only long-term trends in stock market prices b. Only short-term trends in stock market prices c. Both long-term and short-term trends in stock market prices d. Trends in arbitrage trading opportunities 41. A support level is ___________________. a. A level beyond which the market is unlikely to rise b. A level below which the market is unlikely to fall c. An equilibrium price level justified by characteristics such as earnings and cash flows d. The peak of a market wave or cycle 42. Technical analysts consider a decrease in the put/call ratio as __________. a. A bearish signal b. A bullish signal c. A trend reversal signal d. A signal to enter the options market 43. On day 1, the stock price of Ford was $81 and the automotive stock index was 324. On day 2, the stock price of Ford was $85 and the automotive stock index was 335. Consider the ratio of Ford to the automotive stock index at day 1 and day 2. Ford is __________ the automotive industry and technical analysts who follow relative strength would advise __________ the stock. a. Outperforming, buying b. Outperforming, selling c. Underperforming, buying d. Underperforming, selling 44. On a particular day, there were 890 stocks which advanced on the NYSE and 723 which declined.